ARP4754A & ARP4754B INFORMATION
Discover ARP4754A & ARP4754B Guidance
Information, best practices and useful downloads to help guide you through the ARP4754A & ARP4754B aircraft & systems development processes.
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ARP4754A & ARP4754B Training Info
Training in ARP4754A & ARP4754B is imperative to success. Options exist for online training, in-person private group training, or recording classes in ARP4754A/B. Real-world application of aviation safety and systems development. ARP4754A and ARP4754B require adherence to key plans and standards, with corresponding checklists. Process Assurance ensures the Safety Program Plan is compliant to ARP4754 and adhered to by safety/systems engineering.
Training is accompanied by a 300+ page customized ARP4754A or ARP4754B training manual along with in-class handouts for sample Plans, Templates, & Checklists ensuring ARP4754 compliance. Additional training in ARP4761 & ARP4761A ensures the safety process for aircraft and systems compliance.
ARP4754A & ARP4754B Manual
Training in ARP4754A & ARP4754B is imperative to success. Options exist for online training, in-person private group training, or recording classes in ARP4754A/B. Real-world application of aviation safety and systems development. ARP4754A and ARP4754B require adherence to key plans and standards, with corresponding checklists. Process Assurance ensures the Safety Program Plan is compliant to ARP4754 and adhered to by safety/systems engineering.
Training is accompanied by a 300+ page customized ARP4754A or ARP4754B training manual along with in-class handouts for sample Plans, Templates, & Checklists ensuring ARP4754 compliance. Additional training in ARP4761 & ARP4761A ensures the safety process for aircraft and systems compliance.
ARP4754A & ARP4754B Templates & Checklists
ARP4754B & ARP4761A Plans and Checklist Templates provide the basis for developing and certifying aircraft and systems per the guidance of SAE ARP4754B and ARP476A.
ARP4754B & ARP4761A Plans and Checklist Templates provide the basis for developing and certifying aircraft and systems per the guidance of SAE ARP4754B and ARP476A.
ARP4754A and ARP4754B also require reviews, audits and proof thereof. The best “proof” is detailed and complete checklists covering the primary system lifecycle activities and artifacts. Using professional ARP4754A checklists and ARP4754B checklists ensure that you have an appropriate framework for successfully developing and certifying your aircraft and avionics systems.
Once acquired and customized on the first project, your ARP4754A & ARP4754B teams will retain the expertise to create, customize and re-use as appropriate on future ARP4754A/B projects. Note that the ARP4754A Planning documents can be purchased in either Template form or “Initial Draft” form. The Template form option provides the basic templates which you then modify to create an initial draft. The Initial Draft option provides for companies such as AFuzion to first create initial drafts of all planning documents using the same template but adding the customer’s basic product information to create an initial draft; the customer then must finalize this initial draft to create the first versions of these eight planning documents.
ARP4754A/B Plans and Checklist Templates cover all phases of the aircraft/system project lifecycle and are developed with ARP4754B in mind. The users of these templates would need to have some basic understanding of ARP4754A/B, such as attendance at ARP4754A training or reading the Aviation Development Ecosystem and related technical whitepapers. These templates and checklists also help in getting organizations to the goal of higher SEI CMM/CMMI ratings (preferably Level 3 – 4+). Usage of professional ARP4754A/B process templates and checklists are intended to maximize the probability of project success and quality.
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ARP4754A and ARP4754B require the following 8 planning topics to be addressed:
1. ARP4754A & ARP4754B
Development
Define process/methods for establishing architecture development, integration, and implementation
2. ARP4754A & ARP4754B Safety
Define Safety scope applicable to aircraft or system
3. ARP4754A & ARP4754B
Requirements Management
Define the acquisition and management of requirements
4. ARP4754A & ARP4754B Validation
Define methods used to ensure requirements and assumptions are correct
5. ARP4754A & ARP4754B
Implementation Verification
Define processes and criteria used to assess if implementation meets requirements
6. ARP4754A & ARP4754B Configuration Management
Define processes/activites to manage development configuration items/versions throughout lifecycle
7. ARP4754A & ARP4754B Process Assurance
Define independent activites used to ensure development activities follow processes and plans
8. ARP4754A & ARP4754B Certification
Define how certification is to be achieved
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Note that “how” the above ARP4754A/B planning aspects are included in documents is less significant than the planning aspect contents themselves. Normally, companies and ARP4754B applicants provide separate plans for each of the above planning topics (however V&V are often aggregated for simplification); separate ARP4754B planning documents increases the product certification reusability on subsequent projects. However, the following query is typical: “How much detail should be contained within the plans?” The answer somewhat depends upon the complexity of the aircraft and systems but it should be remembered that ARP4754 wants objective criteria versus a detailed and subjective “how to AP4754B and ARP4761A” guide. As an example, consider building a commercial building: large buildings require more details than planning to build a small storage shed; the same analogy applies to ARP4754B aircraft and systems: Plans should focus details on areas of the system identified as potentially have greater risk, however one may not realize such until you have started development. Appendix A of the ARP4754A provides a summary of the process objective requirements – (independence required, recommended, as negotiated, and not required. There should be sufficient detail to deterministically answer the following two questions:
- Can a certification authority review the plans and make a determination that the defined activities could lead to provably safe development?
- Can detailed checklists for each planning activity be made by extracting information from the plans for the purpose of independently assessing corresponding development activities?
ARP4754A/B Verification is performed by engineering and assesses if implementation meets requirements. Validation assesses the acceptability of those requirements. In the avionics world (and reading between the lines of ARP4754A/B and the DO-XXX documents) it should be understood that at its simplest, “Verification = Reviews + Tests + Analysis.” Virtually everything is reviewed. Requirements and implementation are tested. Analysis is applied when reviews/tests are not 100 percent conclusive. Both validation and verification are addressed later herein.
ARP4754B Process Assurance Audits are process-oriented and performed by independent Quality Assurance (QA), also called Process Assurance (PA), personnel. They are not reviews; instead audits determine if Engineers followed defined processes. For Systems, quality assurance is termed Process Assurance (PA) which is a superset of quality assurance, but the terms are used in aviation almost interchangeably.
A major problem happens when ARP4754B Reviews are incomplete because an engineer thinks an auditor will review later; they won’t. Auditors do not do reviews; period. They do audits. Reviews are technical, audits are to process. Both are needed: each is important, but they are different. Like a wine bottle and the wine itself: cannot enjoy one without the other – which is more important? Both …
ARP4754B & ARP4761A Process Assurance Audits
Another problem occurs when ARP4754B and AP4761A Process Assurance Auditors think they are Reviewers. They are not; if an Auditor (Process Assurance) has to review, then the question is “Why didn’t Engineering do an appropriate review, as documented by the corresponding Checklist?”
At the aircraft level, ARP4754B requires an overall Safety Program Plan (SPP) which also addresses ARP4761A (which proposes the FDAL/IDAL now in ARP4761A instead of ARP4754A). It is common to have system-level SPP’s for each system. Regardless, each is considered within the aircraft level SPP. Like building a house, the scope of avionics safety takes many different forms: foundation, architecture, problem detection, problem mitigation, susceptibility to particular hazards (lightning, etc.), and verifiability. So multiple safety activities and analysis are required. The following figure summarizes the primary safety activities:
Primary ARP4754B Aviation & Avionics Safety Activities
ARP4761A Functional Hazard Assessment
The objective of the ARP4761A FHA is to identify functions, failure conditions of functions (loss of function, malfunction, etc.), and their classification (catastrophic, hazardous, etc.) so that aircraft and system designs may be proposed and achieved which decrease the probability of the occurrence of the failure conditions to acceptably lesser levels. It should be noted that in some cases, total loss of a function is not as impactful as partial or misleading loss of functionality; a pilot may be more likely to mitigate total loss of one system’s functionality by switching to a different system.
ARP4761A Preliminary System Safety Assessment (PSSA)
The ARP4761A and ARP4754B PSSA is a set of analyses normally performed during the system requirements and item requirements phases of the aircraft life cycle. The PSSA is where the proposed aircraft and system architectures are evaluated and defined; this provides the ability to derive system and item safety requirements. The input documents to the PSSA are the aircraft FHA, preliminary aircraft Fault Tree Analysis FTA (and allocation of failure budget against the top-level failure requirement), and the system FHAs. The documents produced during the PSSA are the updated aircraft and system FHAs, updated aircraft and systems FTAs, and the preliminary system Common Cause Analyses (CCAs).The PSSA is a continuous and iterative process. The objective of the PSSA is to determine how the aircraft and system failures can lead to the hazards identified in the FHAs and to determine how the FHA requirements can be met. The PSSA is often associated with the Preliminary Aircraft Safety Assessment (PASA). An important note: Appendix 1 of AC23.1309-E has some useful guidance to assist with assessing the severity of failure conditions of aircraft functions and systems at this stage of the project.
System Safety Assessment (SSA)
The ARP4754B / ARP4761A SSA verifies that the implemented aircraft and system designs meet the requirements of the aircraft/system FHA and the Preliminary Aircraft Safety Assessment (PASA) and Preliminary System Safety Assessment (PSSA). The SSA documentation generated during the SSA includes:
- Updated aircraft FTAs, system FHAs, and system FTAs
- Documentation showing item installation requirements⦁ Any material used to validate the failure condition classifications
- If necessary, revised maintenance manuals detailing new maintenance tasks aimed at reducing component exposure times
- If necessary, revised flight crew operating manuals detailing procedures to be followed in the event of certain failure conditions
The SSA should verify that all significant effects identified in the FMES are considered for inclusion as primary events in the FTA, and the SSA should also include applicable CCA results.
Common Cause Analysis (CCA)
The acceptance of adequate probability of failure conditions is often derived from the assessment of multiple systems based on the assumption that failures are independent. This independence might not exist in the practical sense, and specific studies are necessary to ensure that independence can either be assured or deemed acceptable. The CCA is concerned with events that could lead to a hazardous or catastrophic failure condition. The same software installed on multiple LRU’s is considered by many to be the most often overlooked area of common cause. For example, Dual Flight Management Systems (FMS) could fail under the exact same conditions if the same software is installed on both units.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ARP4754A & ARP4754B is a recommended practice from the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) that provides guidelines for developing safety-critical aircraft systems. It is a comprehensive document that covers all aspects of the development process, from requirements definition to software implementation and verification.
There are many benefits to using ARP4754A & ARP4754B, including:
- Increased safety
- Reduced costs
- Improved compliance
ARP4754A & ARP4754B is intended for use by anyone who is involved in the development of safety-critical aircraft systems. This includes engineers, managers, and other stakeholders.
There are a number of resources available to help you get started with ARP4754A & ARP4754B, including:
- The SAE ARP4754A & ARP4754B document itself
- Training courses from Afuzion and other organizations
- Books and articles on the subject
Some of the key concepts in ARP4754A & ARP4754B include:
- Safety assurance
- Life cycle development
- Software development
